Introduction The phencyclidine-derivative ketamine [2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexan-1-one] was added to the World Health Organization’s Model List of Essential Medicines in 1985 and is also on the Model List of Essential Medicines for…

A 43-year-old Caucasian male with past medical history of hypogonadism (on testosterone injections biweekly), chronic back pain, nephrolithiasis, and CRPS type 2, secondary to shoulder surgery performed at an outside…

Subjects Thirteen CM patients were enrolled from headache clinic and 15 normal controls (NCs) from the hospital staffs or their relatives in Chinese PLA General Hospital. The inclusion criteria for…

Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are some of the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal disorders (Rakoff-Nahoum and…

The present study firstly investigated whether migraine-related cephalic allodynia could induce microbial composition alteration in a rat model. Our results showed that repeated dural IS infusions induced cephalic allodynia, nociception-related…

Introduction Bone metastasis occurs in the later stages of most tumors, and in 70% of advanced breast and prostate cancers (Coleman, 2006). Bone metastasis often causes severe pain in patients…

Study design and data source The study was conducted as a fact-finding survey using the unique combination of medical claims data from a health insurance association (HIA) and the linked…

Characteristics of participants Demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of the 204 participants included in the MASH study were stratified according to the group classification and presented in Table 2. Overall,…

Introduction Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide and its prevalence continues to increase with enormous socioeconomic burdens exceeding $100 billion annually in the United States…

Introduction Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine, typically causing lower back pain and sciatica (1, 2). Gluteal pain has often…