Introduction HIV-1 is a single-stranded positive-sense enveloped RNA retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition affecting ~ 36 million people worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively restricts virus replication,…

1 Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease, is the dominant cause of dementia and associated with aging and other factors (Scheltens et al., 2016; Long and Holtzman,…

Introduction IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease, with an incidence of about 25 patients per 1 million people in the population and the highest incidence in…

In the contemporary context, families are built and evolve in multiple, changing and more and more complex configurations. Women and men become parents in homosexual relationships, through international adoption, or…

Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neuromuscular disease resulting from progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord. With involvement of celebrities, politicians, and…

Introduction Based on the genetic epidemiological studies on Western Pacific foci of Guam, USA, Kii Peninsula of Japan and West New Guinea (Figure 1), Espinosa et al. (1) identified three…

Animals and cell lines C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. BALB/c Nude mice were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co.,…

Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was ranked as the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2018 (1, 2). In the early stages…

Introduction Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most often diagnosed cancer in women and the fourth most frequently fatal cancer in women with substantial geographical variation in CC morbidity and…

Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, and disabling neurodegenerative disorder that affects the middle-aged and elderly population. It has been ranked second neurodegenerative disorders worldwide just after Alzheimer’s…